Translation review 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Translation review 5 - Essay Example A collective noun is a noun, which denotes a group of entities, and can be distinguished "from other nouns by a distinct patter of number contrast." It is therefore a single collective entity. It usually allows a flexible choice of pronoun as this can be either singular or plural depending on the perception of individuality within the group. As far as translation is concerned, the choice reflects a nuance in meaning relating to gender. English not only has a wider range of collective nouns than Arabic, it also "gives the speaker many such choices to express his attitude to the content of his message". And, as with translation in general, there are variations in the scope of meaning of words between languages. In Arabic, collective nouns "can be treated as singular depending on their form, and they can be treated as plural depending on their meaning" such as in sa’ara and sa’aru’ respectively. So pluralization of collectives is possible in both languages though the range of collectives is greater in English. Using examples of collective nouns, this study tests a group of 20 college students in backtranslating and presents the results with analysis. The hypothesis is that "testees are going to use the item group as the equivalent for most of the collective nouns of English." The findings showed that "most of the students faced problems in finding the exact equivalents for some of the nouns." The grammatical mistakes showed that "Arabic is richer in its grammatical system than English." The article addresses an issue in translation theory that has hitherto received little attention. It makes a thorough exploration of the issue of backtranslating by means of a test on sets of collective nouns. The number of testees is not much of an issue because in back translating we are concerned not with the quantity but the quality of the translation and the semantic precision. The topic is a good illustration of some of the difficulties of translating

Leadership Issues of Different Not for Profit Organizations Research Paper

Leadership Issues of Different Not for Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example INTRODUCTION: Ongoing changes and advancements in the overall scenario of the world have placed additional importance on the role of the leader in any organization. Leader is a person who directs and guides a certain group of people for the achievement of a particular objective or aim (Fleishman, 1953). Leaders are associated with the tasks of not only managing the people but they have to perform their own tasks and become an inspiration for others. Leadership has evolved as one of the most studied and researched areas. The concept of leadership has been closely associated with the ideas of organizational structure, organizational culture, employee motivation, employee productivity, and overall performance of the organization (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002). There are different styles of leadership which are based on several factors. These various styles of leadership have certain implications on the output generated by the organizations. Despite of the considerable research work in the area of leadership, researchers have been ignoring the importance and other implications of leadership in the nonprofit sector. Young Entrepreneurs Association of Laos (YEAL) has been established with the aim of promoting youth entrepreneurship in the country and supporting different young entrepreneurs. This Not for Profit association facilitates the growth of new business ventures on part of youth. This not only helps the young entrepreneurs but also improves the status of overall economy.